All About Flow State

Quick Overview

Flow State is a supplement drink that aims to promote a calm and focused mood by utilizing a combination of nootropics, adaptogens, amino acids, and other ingredients. The selection of these ingredients has been carefully chosen to support the functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain to place the mind into a flow state.

These ingredients have been shown to positively impact mood regulation and improve the utilization of important neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Additionally, they contribute to the promotion of focus by increasing the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, which is a key neurotransmitter responsible for memory and focus.

Through the synergistic effects of these ingredients, Flow State is able to impact the frequency of brain waves, which can ultimately influence the way the body functions and expresses itself chemically. By promoting a state of focused relaxation, Flow State can help individuals transition from a state of frustration to a state of pure focus.

Key Ingredient Types

  • Nootropics

    Nootropics, also known as cognitive enhancers, are a class of drugs or supplements that are believed to improve cognitive function, particularly executive functions, memory, creativity, and motivation, without causing significant side effects.

  • Adaptogens

    Adaptogens are a class of herbs and botanicals that have the ability to modulate the body's response to stress by increasing resistance and resilience to stressors. They work by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, which are key components of the body's stress response system.

  • Amino Acids

    Amino acid supplementation involves the ingestion of purified forms of individual amino acids or mixtures of amino acids to enhance protein synthesis and/or to meet increased protein needs in the body. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and there are 20 different amino acids that can be combined in various ways to create different proteins.

What Are Flow States?

Flow states are like being swept away by a current of pure inspiration, where your mind and body are completely immersed in the present moment. It's like time slows down, and all distractions fade away, leaving only a laser-like focus on the task at hand.

Your movements become fluid and effortless, as if guided by an unseen force, and you lose yourself in the joy of the process. You feel a sense of confidence and control, and the world around you seems to fade away as your attention is fully absorbed in the task.

In this state of flow, your mind is fully occupied by the activity, and you are not thinking about yourself or your problems. This means that you are not engaging in self-referential thinking, which is when you are preoccupied with your own thoughts and concerns.

In other words, flow states can help to quiet the internal chatter that often goes on in our minds, allowing us to focus on the present moment and the task at hand. This can be incredibly beneficial for reducing stress and increasing feelings of well-being.

Basics of Receptors in the Brain

Receptors in the brain are specialized proteins that are responsible for receiving and transmitting signals between neurons. These proteins are located on the surface of neurons and can detect specific molecules, such as neurotransmitters, hormones, or drugs, that bind to them.

When a molecule binds to a receptor, it can trigger a series of chemical events within the neuron, which can either excite or inhibit its activity. This can ultimately affect the way the brain functions and the behavior of the individual.

There are many different types of receptors in the brain, each with its own unique characteristics and functions. Some receptors, such as ionotropic receptors, directly control the flow of ions in and out of the neuron, while others, such as metabotropic receptors, work through intracellular signaling pathways to regulate gene expression and protein synthesis.

The interaction between receptors and their ligands is highly specific, and the binding of a particular molecule to a receptor can have different effects depending on the type of receptor and the cellular context in which it is located. This specificity allows the brain to precisely regulate its activity in response to various stimuli and maintain homeostasis.

Understanding the function of receptors in the brain is essential for developing effective treatments for a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. By targeting specific receptors, drugs can be designed to modulate the activity of neurons and restore proper brain function.

The Importance of Nootropic Bioavailability

Nootropic bioavailability refers to the amount of a substance that is able to enter the bloodstream and reach the brain to exert its intended effects on neurons. It is an important consideration when selecting and dosing nootropic supplements, as inadequate bioavailability can limit their efficacy and may result in suboptimal outcomes.

Several factors can affect the bioavailability of nootropic compounds, including their chemical structure, solubility, and route of administration. For example, some nootropics are poorly soluble in water and may require specific formulation techniques, such as micronization or encapsulation, to enhance their bioavailability. Similarly, the route of administration can also impact bioavailability, with oral ingestion often resulting in lower bioavailability due to the first-pass metabolism in the liver.

We select products based on high bioavailability and manufacture our products to microencapsulate the molecules, allowing for higher bioavailability. The mechanisms in which supplements are exerted within the body have a dynamic effect on how strong and effective the supplements are. Our products are designed to not only use micronized and microencapsulated highly bioavailable ingredients, but also join with lipid carriers for maximum effect in crossing the blood brain barrier.

Basics of Neurotransmitters in the Brain

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons in the brain. They are synthesized in the neuron's cell body and stored in small vesicles at the axon terminal. When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which is the small gap between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron.

Once in the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, which can trigger a series of events that can either excite or inhibit its activity. Excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, can depolarize the postsynaptic neuron, making it more likely to fire an action potential. Inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA, can hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

After neurotransmitter release, the molecules must be cleared from the synaptic cleft to terminate their signaling. This can be accomplished through uptake mechanisms, such as reuptake transporters that remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and recycle them back into the presynaptic neuron. Alternatively, enzymes in the synaptic cleft can break down neurotransmitters into inactive metabolites.

The activity of neurotransmitters in the brain is tightly regulated by a complex interplay between synthesis, release, and clearance mechanisms. Disruptions in these processes can lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Understanding the function of neurotransmitters in the brain is essential for developing effective treatments for these disorders, as drugs can be designed to modulate their activity and restore proper brain function.

The Importance of Uptaking, Regulating, and Inhibiting

In the brain, neurotransmitters are used to transmit signals between neurons, and their activity is tightly regulated by a complex interplay between uptake, regulation, and inhibition mechanisms.

Uptake mechanisms, such as reuptake transporters, are responsible for removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, which is the space between neurons where neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors. This allows the brain to quickly terminate the activity of neurotransmitters and prevent excessive signaling.

Regulation mechanisms, such as enzymes that break down neurotransmitters or receptors that desensitize in response to prolonged neurotransmitter exposure, help to fine-tune neurotransmitter activity and prevent their overstimulation.

Inhibition mechanisms, such as inhibitory neurons that release neurotransmitters that suppress the activity of other neurons, are essential for maintaining a balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling in the brain.

The overuse of uptake mechanisms is a common problem with many popular medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety. These medications work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, which can increase the amount of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and enhance its signaling. However, this can also lead to desensitization of serotonin receptors and a decrease in the effectiveness of the drug over time.

Therefore, it is important to consider the interplay between uptake, regulation, and inhibition mechanisms when designing drugs that target the brain's neurotransmitter systems. By taking a more balanced approach that targets all of these mechanisms, it may be possible to develop more effective and sustainable treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Targeted Receptors and Their Functions

NDMA Receptor

The Importance of Ketamine Research in Understanding NDMA's Relationship to Depression:

Ketamine is a well-known anesthetic drug that has also been found to have potent antidepressant effects. One of the key mechanisms by which ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects is through its ability to block the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) receptor, a type of glutamate receptor in the brain. NDMA receptors play a crucial role in modulating the activity of other neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin and dopamine, which are implicated in the regulation of mood, emotion, and cognition.

In depression, there is evidence of a dysfunction in the glutamatergic system, including a reduction in glutamate signaling in the prefrontal cortex. This may contribute to the impairment of neuroplasticity, a key process that allows the brain to adapt to changing circumstances and experiences. By blocking NDMA receptors, ketamine enhances glutamate signaling and induces a cascade of downstream effects that promote neuroplasticity and synaptic connectivity. These changes have been shown to reverse depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

While the precise molecular mechanisms underlying ketamine's antidepressant effects are still not fully understood, it is believed that the drug's ability to increase synaptic plasticity is a major contributor. Ketamine's rapid onset of action and sustained antidepressant effects have made it an attractive candidate for the development of new depression therapies. Recent clinical trials have shown that ketamine and other NDMA receptor antagonists can alleviate depressive symptoms in patients who have not responded to traditional antidepressant medications.

Overall, the NDMA-antagonist properties of ketamine are a promising avenue for the development of new depression treatments. By blocking NDMA receptors and enhancing glutamate signaling, ketamine promotes neuroplasticity and synaptic connectivity, leading to rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects and to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of ketamine as a depression therapy.

Blocking the NDMA Receptor in Our Products Through the Use of Maitake Mushrooms and L-theanine:

Maitake mushrooms contain a unique polysaccharide called beta-glucan, which has been found to inhibit the activity of NMDA receptors. Beta-glucan is a type of complex carbohydrate that is not digestible by humans and functions as a dietary fiber. It has been proposed that beta-glucan exerts its NMDA receptor-blocking activity by binding to the receptor site and blocking the binding of glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, to the receptor. This, in turn, reduces the influx of calcium ions into the neuron, which is known to be a key factor in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity.

L-theanine, an amino acid found in green tea, has also been found to block NMDA receptors. The mechanism of action of L-theanine on NMDA receptors is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a modulation of the receptor's ion channel function. L-theanine has been shown to increase the channel open time of NMDA receptors, which leads to a decrease in the receptor's response to glutamate. This effect is thought to be related to L-theanine's anxiolytic and neuroprotective properties, which have been demonstrated in several animal and human studies.

AMPA Receptor

AMPA Receptor Function in the Role of Learning and Mood Regulation:

AMPA receptors play a critical role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and neuroplasticity, which are essential processes for learning and memory. In depression, there is a disruption in these processes, resulting in impaired synaptic plasticity and decreased neurogenesis. Studies have shown that the downregulation of AMPA receptors in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in the regulation of mood and emotion, is associated with depression. Additionally, alterations in the levels of glutamate, the primary neurotransmitter that activates AMPA receptors, have been observed in individuals with depression. Modulating AMPA receptor activity has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression. Preclinical studies have shown that AMPA receptor modulators, such as ketamine, can rapidly alleviate depressive symptoms, possibly by restoring synaptic plasticity and enhancing neurogenesis. Modulating AMPA receptors may also have long-term effects on the regulation of mood and emotion. Thus, understanding the role of AMPA receptors in depression and identifying compounds that can modulate their activity may provide a novel approach for the treatment of depression.

The Use of Maitake Mushrooms in Sensitizing and Modulating AMPA Receptor Behavior:

Maitake mushrooms have been found to modulate the activity of AMPA receptors, which are glutamate-gated ion channels that play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory processes. Maitake mushrooms contain a polysaccharide called beta-glucan, which has been shown to enhance the expression of AMPA receptors in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in learning and memory processes. Beta-glucan may also modulate the activity of AMPA receptors by interacting with immune cells in the brain, such as microglia, which can release various neurotrophic factors and cytokines that can modulate AMPA receptor activity. Additionally, maitake mushrooms contain ergothioneine, a naturally occurring antioxidant that has been shown to enhance the activity of AMPA receptors and protect neurons from oxidative stress-induced damage. Overall, the modulation of AMPA receptor activity by maitake mushrooms may contribute to their potential therapeutic effects on various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and depression, and warrants further investigation.

GABA Receptor

GABA Receptors and Their Function in the Brain:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA receptors are classified into two main types: GABA-A and GABA-B receptors. GABA-A receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that allow chloride ions to enter the cell, resulting in hyperpolarization of the neuron and a decrease in the likelihood of action potential firing. GABA-A receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and play a critical role in the regulation of various physiological processes, such as anxiety, sleep, and muscle tone. They are the primary targets for benzodiazepines, a class of drugs commonly used for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. GABA-B receptors, on the other hand, are G protein-coupled receptors that modulate the activity of ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways. They are primarily found in the pre- and postsynaptic membranes of neurons and play a role in the modulation of neurotransmitter release and the regulation of synaptic plasticity. GABA-B receptor agonists have been shown to be effective in the treatment of spasticity and epilepsy. Overall, the proper functioning of GABA receptors is essential for maintaining the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain and for the regulation of various physiological processes.

Increasing GABA Receptor Sensitivity and GABA Production to Assist in Anxiety Reduction With Flow State:

Taurine, l-theanine, ashwagandha, alpha-gpc, and bacopa monnieri are natural supplements that have been studied for their potential to increase GABA receptor sensitivity and GABA production, which can assist in anxiety reduction.

Taurine is an amino acid that acts as a modulator of the GABA-A receptor, enhancing its sensitivity to GABA. L-theanine is an amino acid found in green tea that can increase GABA production and modulate other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, which are also involved in mood regulation.

Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb that has been shown to enhance GABA receptor sensitivity and increase GABA production in animal studies. Alpha-gpc is a natural choline compound that can increase acetylcholine levels in the brain, which can in turn stimulate GABA release. Bacopa monnieri is a plant-based supplement that has been shown to enhance GABA receptor sensitivity and increase GABA production, as well as improve cognitive function and reduce stress and anxiety.

These natural supplements can be used as an adjunct to traditional anxiety treatments, and they may offer a safer and more natural alternative to benzodiazepines and other prescription medications.

Glutamate Receptor

Importance of Correcting Overactivation of Glutamate Receptors:

Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, and it plays a crucial role in a variety of cognitive and emotional processes. However, overactivation of glutamate receptors has been implicated in a range of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and focus-related issues. Glutamate receptors are divided into two main classes: ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as NMDA receptors, are involved in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. However, when these receptors are overactivated, they can lead to excessive calcium influx, which can cause excitotoxicity and damage to neurons. This has been linked to depression, as well as cognitive impairments such as memory loss and difficulty with concentration. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that modulate the activity of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Dysregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling has been implicated in anxiety disorders and other psychiatric conditions. Therefore, understanding the role of glutamate receptors in these disorders is critical for developing effective treatments that can modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission and restore normal brain function.

Targeted Neurotransmitter Support and Purposes

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is synthesized in cholinergic neurons from the precursor molecule choline and the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Once synthesized, acetylcholine is stored in vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal.

Acetylcholine binds to two main types of receptors: nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and can depolarize the postsynaptic neuron. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron depending on the subtype and the cellular context.

Acetylcholine plays a crucial role in many cognitive and motor functions, including attention, learning, memory, and movement. Our products support the creation of acetylcholine and prevents the breakdown of this neurotransmitter. This is achieved by preventing the enzyme acetylcholinesterase to break down acetylcholine.

GABA/Glutamate

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glutamate are two of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the brain, and they have opposite effects on neuronal activity. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning it reduces neuronal activity, while glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, meaning it increases neuronal activity.

GABA is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and is stored in vesicles in GABAergic neurons. When GABA is released into the synaptic cleft, it binds to GABA receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, which are ligand-gated ion channels that allow chloride ions to flow into the neuron. This hyperpolarizes the neuron and makes it less likely to fire an action potential, leading to a reduction in neuronal activity.

Glutamate, on the other hand, is synthesized from the precursor molecule glutamine by the enzyme glutaminase and is stored in vesicles in glutamatergic neurons. When glutamate is released into the synaptic cleft, it binds to two main types of receptors: ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). iGluRs are ligand-gated ion channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to flow into the neuron, depolarizing it and making it more likely to fire an action potential. mGluRs, on the other hand, are G protein-coupled receptors that can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron depending on the subtype and the cellular context.

Key Functions of Flow State

Alterations to GABA/Glutamate Cycle

Modulation of NDMA, AMPA, GABA, and Glutamate Receptors

Increases in Alpha and Delta Brain Wave Activity

Dosing Information

Our Formulation Philosophy

We believe that transparency, potency, and safety define products that will pave the way for healthier, happier lives. To stay true to this philosophy, we ensure our products exceed standards set by the market. We source ingredients based on their respective impacts on neurochemistry when at a nootropic dosage. To achieve proper nootropic dosing, some of our doses are higher or lower than most would expect given other supplements.

All supplementation doses are based off of multiple peer-reviewed research papers that are made available at the bottom of this page. We have carefully selected each ingredient to create a strong product that does not overuse nootropics or tax the body, as some nootropic products can easily do. As with any supplementation of this kind, it is important to stay hydrated and ensure your body is relatively healthy before starting or sustaining use of these products.

Due to the poorly regulated and researched nature of supplements, many products get the greenlight to underdose or overdose freely, inflate costs for consumers unfairly, and misinform for "proprietary business measures". We know this needs to change if we are going to make progress. All of our research or sources we have used in our research and development are made publicly available.

Alpha-GPC - 300mg

Alpha-GPC when dosed at 300mg can improve cognitive function, enhance physical performance, and provide neuroprotection.

Alpha-GPC (Alpha-glycerophosphocholine) is a dietary supplement that contains choline, a nutrient that is essential for brain function. Alpha-GPC is believed to increase the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in cognitive function.

When dosed at 300mg, Alpha-GPC has been shown to have several benefits. Firstly, it can improve cognitive function by increasing attention, memory, and learning. This is because acetylcholine is involved in the formation and recall of memories, and Alpha-GPC can help to boost its production.

Secondly, Alpha-GPC can enhance physical performance. It can increase the production of growth hormone, which is important for muscle growth and repair, and it can also improve the contraction of muscles.

Finally, Alpha-GPC has neuroprotective properties, which means it can help to protect the brain from damage caused by oxidative stress and other factors. This is because it can increase the production of phospholipids, which are important components of cell membranes.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Generally, consuming 300mg of Alpha-GPC is considered safe for healthy adults. However, it's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medications that may interact with Alpha-GPC. Some potential side effects of Alpha-GPC may include headache, dizziness, nausea, and gastrointestinal discomfort. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage and not exceed it, as high doses of Alpha-GPC may increase the risk of side effects.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of Alpha-GPC has not been established, but studies have shown that daily doses of up to 1200mg for up to 6 months have been well-tolerated by healthy adults.

Ashwagandha Root - 250mg

Ashwagandha when dosed at 250mg can reduce stress and anxiety, improve cognitive function, reduce inflammation, and improve sexual function.

Ashwagandha is a herbal supplement that has been used for centuries in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It contains active compounds called withanolides, which are believed to have a variety of health benefits.

When dosed at 250mg, Ashwagandha has been shown to have several benefits. Firstly, it can help to reduce stress and anxiety by reducing cortisol levels. Cortisol is a hormone that is produced in response to stress, and high levels of cortisol can have negative effects on the body, including increased anxiety and decreased immune function.

Secondly, Ashwagandha can improve cognitive function by increasing attention, memory, and reaction time. This may be due to its ability to enhance the production and prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is important for cognitive function.

Thirdly, Ashwagandha can help to reduce inflammation, which is believed to play a role in the development of chronic diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease.

Finally, Ashwagandha has been shown to have a positive effect on sexual function in both men and women, by increasing libido and improving sexual satisfaction.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Consuming 250mg of Ashwagandha is generally considered safe for most healthy adults. However, as with any supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting to take Ashwagandha, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medications that may interact with Ashwagandha. Some potential side effects of Ashwagandha may include gastrointestinal discomfort, drowsiness, and headache, although these are generally mild and uncommon. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage and not exceed it, as very high doses of Ashwagandha may cause side effects.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of Ashwagandha has not been established, but studies have shown that daily doses of up to 6000mg have been well-tolerated by healthy adults.

Bacopa Monnieri - 200mg

Bacopa Monnieri when dosed at 200mg can improve cognitive function, reduce anxiety and stress, improve cardiovascular health, and provide neuroprotection.

Bacopa Monnieri is a herbal supplement that has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. It contains active compounds called bacosides, which are believed to have a variety of health benefits.

When dosed at 200mg, Bacopa Monnieri has been shown to have several benefits. Firstly, it can improve cognitive function by enhancing memory, attention, and learning. This is thought to be due to the ability of bacosides to improve the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain.

Secondly, Bacopa Monnieri can help to reduce anxiety and stress by modulating the production of certain neurotransmitters, including serotonin and dopamine. These neurotransmitters play a key role in regulating mood and emotional responses.

Thirdly, Bacopa Monnieri can have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system by reducing blood pressure and improving blood flow. This is thought to be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to protect against damage to blood vessels.

Finally, Bacopa Monnieri may have neuroprotective effects, which means it may help to protect the brain from damage caused by oxidative stress and other factors. This is thought to be due to its ability to enhance the production of certain antioxidants in the brain.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Consuming 200mg of Bacopa Monnieri is generally considered safe for most healthy adults. However, as with any supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting to take Bacopa Monnieri, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medications that may interact with Bacopa Monnieri. Some potential side effects of Bacopa Monnieri may include gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, and dry mouth, although these are generally mild and uncommon. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage and not exceed it, as very high doses of Bacopa Monnieri may cause side effects.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of Bacopa Monnieri has not been established, but studies have shown that daily doses of up to 450mg have been well-tolerated by healthy adults.

DL-Phenylalanine - 200mg

DL-Phenylalanine when dosed at 200mg may help to boost mood, reduce pain and inflammation, improve cognitive function, and aid in weight management.

DL-Phenylalanine is an amino acid that has been studied for its potential benefits on mood and cognitive function.

Firstly, DL-Phenylalanine may help to boost mood by increasing the production of certain neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters play a key role in regulating mood and emotional responses.

Secondly, DL-Phenylalanine may help to reduce pain and inflammation by modulating the production of certain enzymes and chemicals in the body. This is thought to be due to its ability to enhance the production of endorphins, which are natural painkillers.

Thirdly, DL-Phenylalanine may have a positive effect on cognitive function by enhancing memory, attention, and learning. This is thought to be due to its ability to improve the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain.

Finally, DL-Phenylalanine may have a role in weight management by suppressing appetite and reducing food intake. This is thought to be due to its ability to increase the production of certain hormones, including cholecystokinin, which can help to reduce hunger.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Consuming 200mg of DL-Phenylalanine is generally considered safe for most healthy adults. However, as with any supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting to take DL-Phenylalanine, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medications that may interact with DL-Phenylalanine. Some potential side effects of DL-Phenylalanine may include gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, and high blood pressure, although these are generally mild and uncommon. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage and not exceed it, as very high doses of DL-Phenylalanine may cause side effects.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of DL-Phenylalanine has not been established, but studies have shown that daily doses of up to 3,000mg have been well-tolerated by healthy adults.

GABA - 250mg

GABA when dosed at 250mg may help to reduce anxiety and improve mood, enhance cognitive function, promote relaxation and reduce stress, and promote restful sleep.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that has been studied for its potential benefits on mood and cognitive function.

Firstly, GABA may help to reduce anxiety and improve mood by increasing the production of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin and dopamine. These neurotransmitters are known to play a key role in regulating mood and emotional responses.

Secondly, GABA may have a positive effect on cognitive function by enhancing memory, attention, and learning. This is thought to be due to its ability to improve the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain.

Thirdly, GABA may help to promote relaxation and reduce stress by reducing the activity of certain neurons in the brain. This can lead to a decrease in muscle tension and an overall sense of calm.

Finally, GABA may have a role in promoting restful sleep by reducing the activity of certain neurons in the brain that are involved in wakefulness. This can help to improve the quality of sleep and reduce the incidence of sleep disturbances.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, consuming 250mg of GABA is generally considered safe for most healthy adults. However, as with any supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting to take GABA, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medications that may interact with GABA. Some potential side effects of GABA may include drowsiness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal discomfort, although these are generally mild and uncommon. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage and not exceed it, as very high doses of GABA may cause side effects.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of GABA has not been established, but studies have shown that daily doses of up to 750mg have been well-tolerated by healthy adults.

Green Tea Extract - 500mg

Green tea extract when dosed at 500mg may have antioxidant properties, improve cardiovascular health, promote weight management, and have neuroprotective properties.

Green tea extract is a supplement derived from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, which is rich in polyphenols, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).

Firstly, green tea extract may have antioxidant properties, which means it can help to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases.

Secondly, green tea extract may have a positive effect on cardiovascular health by helping to reduce blood pressure, improve blood lipid levels, and enhance endothelial function. This is thought to be due to its ability to improve the production of nitric oxide, which can help to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.

Thirdly, green tea extract may have a role in weight management by increasing energy expenditure and fat oxidation, which can help to promote weight loss. It may also help to suppress appetite and reduce the absorption of dietary fat.

Finally, green tea extract may have neuroprotective properties, which means it can help to protect the brain from damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. It may also have a positive effect on cognitive function, memory, and attention.

Is this dosage amount safe?

In general, consuming 500mg of green tea extract is considered safe for most healthy adults. However, it's important to note that some people may experience side effects such as stomach upset, headaches, or insomnia. Additionally, green tea extract may interact with certain medications, so it's important to speak with a healthcare professional before taking it if you are on medication or have a medical condition. As with any supplement, it's also important to follow the recommended dosage instructions on the label and not exceed the recommended dose.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of green tea extract has not been established, but most studies have used doses ranging from 250mg to 500mg per day. However, taking very high doses of green tea extract may increase the risk of side effects such as liver toxicity, especially if taken for long periods of time.

L-theanine - 200mg

L-theanine when dosed at 200mg may have a relaxing effect, improve cognitive function, reduce the negative side effects of caffeine, and have antioxidant properties.

L-theanine is an amino acid that is found naturally in tea leaves, particularly in green tea.

Firstly, L-theanine has been shown to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety without causing drowsiness. It does this by increasing alpha brain wave activity, which is associated with a state of wakeful relaxation.

Secondly, L-theanine may have a positive effect on cognitive function, including improving attention, memory, and learning ability. It does this by increasing the production of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, which are important for mood regulation and cognitive function.

Thirdly, L-theanine may have a role in reducing the negative side effects of caffeine, such as jitters and insomnia. It does this by promoting a state of relaxation and calmness while still allowing for improved focus and concentration.

Finally, L-theanine may have antioxidant properties and may help to protect against oxidative stress, which is thought to contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, 200mg of L-theanine is generally considered safe for most people. L-theanine is a naturally occurring amino acid found in tea leaves and is generally well-tolerated. It is not associated with any serious adverse effects, and mild side effects such as headache or stomach upset are rare. However, as with any supplement, it's important to speak with a healthcare professional before taking L-theanine, especially if you have a medical condition or are taking medication. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage instructions on the label and not exceed the recommended dose.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of L-theanine has not been established, but doses of up to 400mg per day have been studied without significant adverse effects.

Maitake Mushroom - 500mg

Maitake mushroom extract when dosed at 500mg may have immune-boosting, blood sugar regulating, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, and anti-cancer properties.

Maitake mushrooms are a type of edible fungus that have been used in traditional medicine for centuries.

Firstly, maitake mushrooms are known for their immune-boosting properties. They contain beta-glucans, which are complex polysaccharides that can help to stimulate the immune system by activating white blood cells.

Secondly, maitake mushrooms may have a positive effect on blood sugar levels. They contain compounds such as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, which can help to slow down the absorption of carbohydrates and prevent spikes in blood sugar.

Thirdly, maitake mushrooms may have anti-inflammatory properties. They contain compounds such as ergothioneine and beta-glucans, which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body.

Recent research on these mushrooms also suggest the crucial impacts upon modulating AMPA and NDMA receptors to effectively assist in reducing depression symptoms caused by the ineffective action of both receptor types in the brain.

Finally, maitake mushrooms may have anti-cancer properties. They contain compounds such as beta-glucans and polysaccharides, which have been shown to have anti-tumor effects and may help to boost the immune system's ability to fight cancer cells.

Is this dosage amount safe?

When taken as directed, maitake mushroom extract is generally considered safe for most people. However, it's always recommended to speak with a healthcare professional before taking any new supplement, and to follow the recommended dosage instructions on the label. Exceeding the recommended dose may increase the risk of side effects such as digestive upset, allergic reactions, or interactions with medications.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of maitake mushroom extract has not been well established, as there is limited research on its long-term safety and toxicity. However, doses of up to 3 grams per day have been used in clinical studies without significant adverse effects.

Rhodiola Rosea - 150mg

At a dose of 150mg, Rhodiola Rosea has been shown to improve cognitive function, reduce fatigue, and enhance exercise performance in some studies. It may also have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting effects, although more research is needed to fully understand these benefits.

Rhodiola Rosea is an adaptogenic herb that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to combat stress and fatigue. It contains active compounds known as rosavins and salidroside, which are thought to help regulate the body's stress response by modulating levels of stress hormones like cortisol.

Rhodiola Rosea has been shown to improve cognitive function by modulating levels of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters are important for regulating mood, attention, and focus, and may help improve cognitive performance in tasks like memory recall and concentration.

In addition, Rhodiola Rosea has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, which means it may help protect brain cells from damage and improve overall brain health. This could potentially improve cognitive function over the long term.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, 150mg of Rhodiola Rosea is generally considered a safe and effective dose for most people. However, it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have any pre-existing medical conditions or are taking any medications that may interact with Rhodiola Rosea.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of Rhodiola Rosea has not been firmly established, as it may vary depending on factors such as an individual's weight, age, and health status. However, most studies have used doses between 200mg and 600mg per day, divided into two or three doses, with no serious adverse effects reported.

Taurine - 500mg

Taurine supplementation at a dose of 500mg has been shown to improve exercise performance, reduce muscle damage caused by exercise, and enhance post-exercise recovery. Taurine may also have a positive effect on mood and cognitive function, particularly in stressful situations.

Taurine has been shown to modulate the activity of several neurotransmitters in the brain. It appears to enhance the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, which can help to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. Taurine also acts as an agonist at glycine receptors, which are involved in the regulation of excitatory neurotransmission. This may help to reduce the activity of glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter that can cause overstimulation and damage to brain cells in high concentrations.

Additionally, taurine has been shown to affect the activity of dopamine and serotonin, two neurotransmitters that are involved in mood regulation and motivation. By modulating these neurotransmitters, taurine may have potential benefits for cognitive function, mood, and overall brain health.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, consuming 500mg of taurine is generally considered safe for most people. Taurine is an amino acid that is naturally found in the body and is also commonly found in many foods and supplements.

Highest safe dose:

In studies, doses of up to 3,000mg of taurine per day have been used without any significant adverse effects. However, it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have any pre-existing medical conditions or are taking any medications that may interact with taurine.

Butterfly Pea Flower - 450mg

When dosed at 450mg, butterfly pea flower extract may help to improve mental clarity, memory, and concentration, as well as promote a sense of calmness and relaxation. Some studies suggest that it may also have neuroprotective properties and help to prevent age-related cognitive decline.

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) contains several bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which are believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds may also help to improve cognitive function and reduce anxiety, although more research is needed to confirm these effects.

The exact mechanism by which butterfly pea flower improves mental clarity is not fully understood. However, it is believed to be due to the presence of flavonoids and anthocyanins, which are thought to have neuroprotective effects and may enhance cognitive function.

Some studies suggest that the bioactive compounds in butterfly pea flower may increase blood flow to the brain and promote the production of certain neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and serotonin, which are involved in learning, memory, and mood regulation.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Butterfly pea flower is generally considered safe for consumption, and doses of up to 450mg have been studied without significant adverse effects. However, as with any supplement, it's always recommended to speak with a healthcare professional before taking it, especially if you have any pre-existing medical conditions or are taking any medications. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage instructions on the label and not exceed the recommended dose.

Highest safe dose:

There is currently no established highest safe dose for butterfly pea flower. However, doses of up to 450mg have been studied without significant adverse effects.

Thiamine (B1) - 100mg

Thiamine when dosed at 100mg may provide benefits for energy metabolism, nervous system function, cardiovascular health, mental health, and cognitive function.

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and nervous system function. When dosed at 100mg, it may provide several benefits.

Firstly, thiamine can help convert carbohydrates into energy, which is essential for maintaining normal cellular function. It also helps support the nervous system by aiding in the production of neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.

Secondly, thiamine may have a positive effect on cardiovascular health by improving the function of the endothelium, which is the inner lining of blood vessels. This can help improve blood flow and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Thirdly, thiamine may have a role in mental health by helping to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. This is thought to be due to its ability to support the production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine.

Finally, thiamine may have a role in improving cognitive function, memory, and attention, particularly in older adults. This is thought to be due to its role in supporting nervous system function and protecting against oxidative stress.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, consuming 100mg of thiamine (also known as vitamin B1) is generally considered safe for most healthy adults. Thiamine is an essential nutrient that plays a role in energy metabolism and nerve function, and is found naturally in many foods such as whole grains, beans, and meat. However, as with any supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking thiamine, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medications that may interact with thiamine. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage instructions on the label and not exceed them, as very high doses of thiamine may cause side effects such as stomach upset or allergic reactions.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, varies depending on age, sex, and overall health status. In general, the recommended daily intake of thiamine for healthy adults is around 1.1-1.2 mg for women and 1.2-1.4 mg for men.

Thiamine is considered safe at higher doses, with no known toxicity or harmful effects reported. However, very high doses of thiamine (more than 5,000 mg per day) may lead to some mild side effects such as nausea, fatigue, and muscle weakness.

Riboflavin (B2) -2mg

Riboflavin when dosed at 2mg may help to support energy metabolism, protect against oxidative damage, promote healthy skin and hair, and reduce the frequency of migraines.

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in various biological processes in the body. When dosed at 2mg, it may provide several benefits.

Firstly, riboflavin is essential for energy metabolism, as it helps to convert food into energy that can be used by the body. It also plays a key role in the production of red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

Secondly, riboflavin has antioxidant properties, which means it helps to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. This may help to reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer.

Thirdly, riboflavin may help to support healthy skin, eyes, and hair, as it is involved in the production of collagen, a protein that is essential for skin and connective tissue health.

Finally, riboflavin may help to reduce the frequency and severity of migraines, as some studies have suggested that it may improve mitochondrial function in the brain.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, consuming 2mg of riboflavin is generally considered safe for most healthy adults. Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for various bodily functions, including energy production, growth, and development. It is found naturally in many foods, including milk, eggs, meat, and leafy green vegetables. However, some people may need higher doses of riboflavin due to certain medical conditions or deficiencies, and in those cases, a healthcare professional may recommend a higher dosage. It's important to follow recommended dosage instructions and not exceed them, as very high doses of riboflavin may cause side effects such as diarrhea, increased urine output, and yellow discoloration of urine.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, has not been established as it is a water-soluble vitamin and excess amounts are excreted in the urine. Some studies have used higher doses of riboflavin for specific medical conditions, such as migraine headaches, and have found doses of up to 400 mg per day to be safe and effective.

Niacin (B3) - 25mg

Niacin when dosed at 25mg can improve skin health, aid in energy metabolism, regulate cholesterol levels, improve brain function, and have a positive effect on the digestive system.

Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in a wide range of bodily processes.

Firstly, niacin is important for maintaining healthy skin, as it helps to promote the production of skin cells and maintain the skin's protective barrier. It also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help to reduce redness and irritation.

Secondly, niacin is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It helps to convert these nutrients into energy that the body can use for various functions.

Thirdly, niacin can help to regulate cholesterol levels in the body by increasing the production of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, also known as "good" cholesterol. This can help to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Fourthly, niacin has been shown to have a positive effect on brain function, particularly in improving memory and concentration. This is thought to be due to its ability to enhance blood flow to the brain.

Finally, niacin can have a beneficial effect on the digestive system by improving digestion and reducing inflammation in the gut.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Consuming 25mg of niacin is generally considered safe for most healthy adults. In fact, this amount is typically used as a daily recommended intake for niacin, which is a form of vitamin B3. However, it's important to note that high doses of niacin can cause side effects such as flushing, itching, and gastrointestinal discomfort. It's also important to follow the recommended dosage instructions and not exceed them without consulting with a healthcare professional. People with certain medical conditions or who are taking certain medications may be more sensitive to niacin and should exercise caution when taking it.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of niacin (also known as vitamin B3) depends on the individual's age, sex, and health status. The recommended daily allowance of niacin for most adults is around 14-18 mg/day for women and men respectively. However, doses of up to 35 mg/day for adults are generally considered safe and well-tolerated.

High doses of niacin, such as those used for therapeutic purposes, can cause side effects such as flushing of the skin, itching, and gastrointestinal distress. Very high doses (over 500mg/day) can also cause liver damage, and therefore should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Pantothenic Acid (B5) - 100mg

When dosed at 100mg, pantothenic acid can support healthy skin, promote adrenal function, and improve digestion.

Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for the production of energy and the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the body. When dosed at 100mg, pantothenic acid has several benefits.

Firstly, it can help to support healthy skin by promoting the production of skin cells and reducing inflammation. This is because pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A, which is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and other important compounds for the skin.

Secondly, pantothenic acid can support the adrenal glands, which are responsible for the production of hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. This is important for the body's response to stress, and may help to reduce fatigue and improve energy levels.

Thirdly, pantothenic acid can support healthy digestion by promoting the production of digestive enzymes and improving the absorption of nutrients from food. This is because coenzyme A is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are essential nutrients for the body.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, consuming 100mg of pantothenic acid (also known as vitamin B5) is generally considered safe for most people. The recommended daily intake of pantothenic acid for adults is 5mg, and the upper limit for daily intake is 1,000mg. Therefore, 100mg falls well within the safe range.

Pantothenic acid is important for the body's metabolism and is involved in the production of energy from food. It is also needed for the synthesis of hormones and cholesterol, as well as for the formation of red blood cells.

While high doses of pantothenic acid are unlikely to cause harm, they may result in digestive upset, such as diarrhea or nausea. It is always recommended to speak with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of pantothenic acid (also known as vitamin B5) for adults is considered to be 1,000mg per day. This is the upper limit for daily intake recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

While high doses of pantothenic acid are unlikely to cause harm, it is important to note that excessive intake of any vitamin or mineral can lead to adverse effects. Some possible side effects of high doses of pantothenic acid may include digestive upset, such as diarrhea or nausea.

Pyrodoxine Hydrochloride (B6) - 50mg

Pyridoxine Hydrochloride when dosed at 50mg can support cognitive function, maintain a healthy immune system, improve cardiovascular health, and regulate mood and sleep.

Pyridoxine hydrochloride, also known as vitamin B6, is a water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for many functions in the body, including the metabolism of amino acids, the production of neurotransmitters, and the synthesis of hemoglobin.

When dosed at 50mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride has several benefits. Firstly, it can help to support cognitive function by playing a role in the production of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine. These neurotransmitters are important for regulating mood, and low levels of vitamin B6 have been associated with depression and other mood disorders.

Secondly, pyridoxine hydrochloride can help to maintain a healthy immune system by supporting the production of white blood cells. These cells are responsible for fighting off infections and diseases.

Thirdly, vitamin B6 is important for cardiovascular health. It can help to reduce levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that is associated with an increased risk of heart disease when present in high levels.

Finally, pyridoxine hydrochloride can help to regulate the levels of the amino acid tryptophan in the body. Tryptophan is important for the production of serotonin, which is important for regulating mood and sleep.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, consuming 50mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride, also known as vitamin B6, is generally considered safe for most people. The recommended daily intake of vitamin B6 for adults is between 1.3mg to 1.7mg, and the upper limit for daily intake is 100mg.

Pyridoxine hydrochloride is an important vitamin for many functions in the body, including the metabolism of amino acids, the production of neurotransmitters, and the synthesis of hemoglobin. It is commonly found in many foods, such as poultry, fish, bananas, and potatoes.

While high doses of vitamin B6 are unlikely to cause harm, excessive intake of any vitamin or mineral can lead to adverse effects. Some possible side effects of high doses of vitamin B6 may include sensory neuropathy (nerve damage that affects sensation), digestive upset, and photosensitivity (increased sensitivity to sunlight).

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of pyridoxine hydrochloride, also known as vitamin B6, for adults is 100mg per day. This is the upper limit for daily intake recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Biotin (B7) - 150mcg

Biotin when dosed at 150mcg can promote healthy hair, skin, and nails, support a healthy metabolism, regulate blood sugar levels, and improve cognitive function. Biotin is found in many foods, including eggs, nuts, and whole grains.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in many metabolic processes in the body, including the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Biotin is essential for the synthesis of keratin, a protein that is important for healthy hair, skin, and nails. Low levels of biotin have been associated with brittle nails, hair loss, and skin rashes.

Biotin is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which are the main sources of energy for the body. Biotin helps to convert these nutrients into energy that the body can use.

Biotin helps to regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. This can help to prevent spikes and dips in blood sugar levels, which can lead to fatigue and other symptoms.

Biotin is important for the production of neurotransmitters, which are important for communication between nerve cells in the brain. Low levels of biotin have been associated with cognitive impairment.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, consuming 150mcg of biotin is generally considered safe for most people. The recommended daily intake of biotin for adults is between 30mcg to 100mcg, and the upper limit for daily intake is 900mcg.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for many metabolic processes in the body, including the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is also important for healthy hair, skin, and nails, as well as cognitive function.

While high doses of biotin are unlikely to cause harm, excessive intake of any vitamin or mineral can lead to adverse effects. Some possible side effects of high doses of biotin may include digestive upset, skin rashes, and interactions with certain medications.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of biotin, also known as vitamin B7, for adults is 900mcg per day. This is the upper limit for daily intake recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Folate (B9) - 400mcg

Folate when dosed at 400mcg can support cognitive function, reduce the risk of heart disease, and support a healthy immune system.

Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in many bodily functions, including DNA synthesis and repair, cell division, and the production of red blood cells.

Folate is important for the production of neurotransmitters, which are important for communication between nerve cells in the brain. Low levels of folate have been associated with cognitive impairment and an increased risk of depression.

Folate helps to lower levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease. Adequate intake of folate can help to reduce this risk.

Folate plays a role in the production of white blood cells, which are important for fighting off infections and other illnesses.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, it is generally safe to consume 400mcg of folate (also known as folic acid) per day. The recommended daily intake of folate for adults is between 400mcg to 600mcg, depending on age and gender.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of folate (also known as folic acid) for adults is 1000mcg per day. This is the upper limit for daily intake recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Cobalamin (B12) - 1000mcg

Cobalamin when dosed at 1000mcg can support nerve function, help prevent anemia, boost energy, and support bone health.

Cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for many bodily functions, including the production of red blood cells and DNA, as well as nerve function. When dosed at 1000mcg, cobalamin has several benefits:

Cobalamin is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Adequate intake of cobalamin can help to prevent nerve damage and maintain cognitive function.

Cobalamin is necessary for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Adequate intake of cobalamin can help to prevent anemia, a condition characterized by low levels of red blood cells.

Cobalamin plays a role in converting food into energy. Adequate intake of cobalamin can help to prevent fatigue and promote energy levels.

Cobalamin, along with other B vitamins, plays a role in maintaining bone health. Adequate intake of cobalamin can help to prevent osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions.

Is this dosage amount safe?

Yes, it is generally safe to consume 1000mcg of cobalamin (also known as vitamin B12) per day. The recommended daily intake of cobalamin for adults is between 2.4mcg to 2.8mcg, depending on age and gender.

Highest safe dose:

The highest safe dose of cobalamin (also known as vitamin B12) is not well established, as it is a water-soluble vitamin and excess amounts are usually excreted in the urine. However, the recommended daily intake of cobalamin for adults is between 2.4mcg to 2.8mcg, depending on age and gender.

Some studies have suggested that high doses of cobalamin (such as 1000mcg or more per day) may be beneficial for certain health conditions, such as age-related cognitive decline or neuropathy. However, more research is needed in these areas to confirm these benefits and establish safe and effective dosages.

Sources

We believe that free and transparent resources are how we create a better future. See below for all of the research papers that were used as the basis of our internal research and development, including the preparation of this article.

Ingredient Impact on Focus and Anxiety Related Concerns:

Alpha GPC:

  • Jäger R, Purpura M, Kingsley M. Phospholipids and sports performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007;4:5. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-4-5.
  • Kawamura T, Okubo T, Sato K, Fujita S, Goto K, Hamaoka T, Iemitsu M. Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1122-1126. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.03.017.

Ashwagandha:

  • Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty S. A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;34(3):255-262. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.106022.
  • Pratte MA, Nanavati KB, Young V, Morley CP. An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(12):901-908. doi: 10.1089/acm.2014.0177.

Bacopa Monnieri:

  • Stough C, Lloyd J, Clarke J, et al. The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;156(4):481-484. doi: 10.1007/s002130100815.
  • Roodenrys S, Booth D, Bulzomi S, Phipps A, Micallef C, Smoker J. Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;27(2):279-281. doi: 10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00419-5.

DL-phenylalanine:

  • Wong YH, Lee TY, Liang JH, Huang CC, Huang NK. D-phenylalanine as an adjunct to the pharmacotherapy of depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:1127-1132. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S165303.
  • Mico JA, Rojas-Corrales MO, Gibert-Rahola J, Parellada E, Moreno D, Franch J, Martinez E. Dl-phenylalanine, an amino acid mixture, may reduce opiate withdrawal symptoms. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993;16(6):530-536.

GABA:

  • Abdou AM, Higashiguchi S, Horie K, et al. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors. 2006;26(3):201-208. doi: 10.1002/biof.5520260305.

Green Tea Extract:

L-theanine:

Maitake Mushroom:

Rhodiola Rosea:

Ingredient Impact on Acetylcholine:

  1. Taurine: "Taurine enhances the synaptic response and insertion of AMPA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons." DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.091
  2. L-Theanine: "L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses." DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00040.x
  3. Ashwagandha: "Exploration of Withania somnifera as a potential therapeutic avenue for anxiety disorders." DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.011
  4. Alpha-GPC: "Acetylcholine precursor reverses amnesia induced by scopolamine in rats." DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90468-Q
  5. Bacopa monnieri: "An open-label study to elucidate the effects of standardized Bacopa monnieri extract in the management of symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children." DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S68446

GABA/Glutamate Cycle:

  1. Kalueff AV, Nutt DJ. Role of GABA in anxiety and depression. Depress Anxiety. 2007;24(7):495-517. doi: 10.1002/da.20262.
  2. Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL, et al. Increased cortical GABA concentrations in depressed patients receiving ECT. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(3):577-579. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.577.
  3. Yoon JH, Maddock RJ, Rokem A, Silver MA, Minzenberg MJ, Ragland JD, Carter CS. GABA concentration is reduced in visual cortex in schizophrenia and correlates with orientation-specific surround suppression. J Neurosci. 2010 Nov 17;30(46):15306-13. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4380-10.2010.
  4. Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, et al. NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites. Nature. 2016;533(7604):481-486. doi: 10.1038/nature17998.
  5. Xie X, Xu L, Chen L, et al. Anxiolytic-like effects of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP in rats: Involvement of GABAergic transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58(1):57-63. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.042.

NDMA/AMPA Modulation: